Mitigating reduced flood peaks, magnitudes, and frequency

Introduction

Figure 1: The disappearance of floods in Orkla in mid-Norway due to the river regulation. The blue graph is the observed low before regulation, while the orange is the flow after regulation. Note that the data series are shown for different time periods.

Reservoir-based hydropower will normally lead to a dramatic reduction in floods, unless the flood occurs when the reservoir is more or less filled, or the reservoir is small compared to the inflow. Some reservoirs are built for this purpose, i.e. flood protection. The ecological function of floods to the river system will then also disappear. The reduced frequency of flooding events may result in a deterioration of habitat quality, both by the silting of spawning habitats and the clogging of sheltered habitats. Floods act as 'habitat fresheners' as they remobilise the river bed material, if the floods are sufficiently large and flush out finer sediment fractions. In later sections of this document, habitat measures to refresh the substrate have been described, which will reinstate the natural substrate conditions and improve the habitat. Reinstating floods is one way of refreshing the substrate with use of the flow. Floods can also have other ecological functions, for instance to facilitate migration and to attract fish for spawning. These floods (freshets) are typically smaller than the natural, annual flood, but the river regulation can also reduce these floods. Such freshets are usually named attraction flow to initiate upstream migration and trigger flow to initiate downstream migration. These floods can also be reinstated, and similar to floods to remobilise the substrate, the magnitude, timing and frequency of these should be when the ecological function is maximised, and the losses in power production minimised.

Methods, tools, and devices

During planning

A hydrologic analysis of flood events before and after regulation will also provide data to support the likelihood that reductions in flood frequencies have reduced, or may in the future reduce, long-term production by causing habitat deterioration. To what extent the habitat has been degraded, can be assessed by habitat mapping (Forseth and Harby 2014).

Some studies make a distinction between armoured and paved layers, related to the resistance of surface layers to floods, e.g. less than 10 years for armour, more than 100 years for pavement. The break-up of the armour layer has been observed for floods with a recurrence interval of at least 7 to 10 years. When the break-up of the armour layer occurs, there is a significant increase in the bedload discharge.

During implementation

If properly designed gates and valves are in place, the introduction of a new flow regime would simply be to release the defined water flows at the right time of the day and year. If the existing infrastructure cannot release the proposed flow regime, retrofitting of the dam or any other location the water should be released from, must be carried out.

During operation

Hydropower operators must normally document that environmental restrictions are followed, and they would have standard monitoring systems (gauging stations) in place. The improvements in the substrate composition and habitat conditions can be measured by for instance measuring the interstitial space.

Shelter for juvenile salmonids can be measured with a simple method where the number and depth of interstitial species within a given area is counted with use of a rubber tube (Finstad et al. 2009). The number of spaces of varying length are weighed according to their depth and then summed. The number of interstitial spaces within an area of 50 cm * 50 cm, limited by e.g. a steel-frame (Figure 4-5), is counted and the depth registered. The sizes of interstitial spaces are determined based on how far down between the rocks the hose can be inserted.

The effect of the released environmental flow must be done by assessing the development of the fish population, e.g. by monitoring juvenile fish densities, number of smolts, etc.

Classification Table

Classification	Selection (multiple)
Fish species for the measure	All All
Does the measure require loss of power production	Operational (requires flow release outside turbine) Operational (requires flow release outside turbine)
	Operational (requires flow release through turbine) Operational (requires flow release through turbine)
Recurrence of maintenance	Never Never
Which life-stage of fish is measure aimed at	Spawning / Recruitment Spawning / Recruitment
	Juvenile habitat (0+) Juvenile habitat (0+)
	Juvenile habitat (1+) Juvenile habitat (1+)
	Juvenile habitat (older than 1+) Juvenile habitat (older than 1+)
	Adult fish Adult fish
	Movements of migration of fish Movements of migration of fish
Which physical parameter is mitigated
	Water velocity
	Water depth
Hydropower type the measure is suitable for	Plant in dam Plant in dam
	Plant with bypass section Plant with bypass section
Dam height (m) the measure is suitable for	All All
Section in the regulated system measure is designed for
	Bypass section Bypass section
	Downstream outlet Downstream outlet
River type implemented	Steep gradient (up to 0.4 %) Steep gradient (up to 0.4 %)
	Fairly steep with rocks, boulders (from 0.4 to 0.05 %) Fairly steep with rocks, boulders (from 0.4 to 0.05 %)
	Slow flowing, lowland, sandy (less than 0.05 %) Slow flowing, lowland, sandy (less than 0.05 %)
Level of certainty in effect	Moderately certain Moderately certain
Technology readiness level	TRL 8: system complete and qualified TRL 8: system complete and qualified