Dilution gauging

Quick summary

Figure 1: (a) Geophone and accelerometer installed in a watertight housing mounted on an impact plate and exemplary (b) geophone and (c) accelerometer signal of the identical single grain impact. SumIMP denotes the total number of peaks above the threshold amplitude Amin for the event shown. Amaxmax is the maximum amplitude registered during this event. Only positive amplitude values are considered.

Figure 2: (a) Conceptual sketch of the vortex tube functionality and (b) vortex tube outlet at HPP Schiffmühle (source: VAW).

Figure 3: (a) Vortex tube outlet with mounted sensors and (b) vortex tube running during the field calibration (source: VAW).

Developed by:

Date:

Type: Method

Suitable for the following [[::Category:Measures|measures]]:

Introduction

This method requires the release of a known tracer concentration in a section of the river or fishway and the subsequent determination of the tracer concentration in a downstream section. It is based on the dilution relationships between the injection of the tracer and the discharge we want to know. There are two main different methods for the injection of the tracers into the flow: (a) instantaneous or integration method and (b) continuous method.

The discharge for (a) is calculated as:

Q= c_0/c∙V/T

Being c_0 the tracer concentration which is introduced in the watercourse with discharge Q. c is the concentration of the sample in volume V and T is equal to the time needed for the tracer to be transported downstream.

The formulae discharge for (b):

Q=q.c_1/c_2

Being c_1 the tracer concentration in the injection, q the constant injection flow for the tracer (e.g. using a Mariotte device) and c_2 the tracer concentration at the downstream point.

The choice of the tracer depends on several factors: the chemical characteristics of the water, the suspended sediment, the distance between the injection and measuring section, the type of flow to be measured, the sensitivity of the tracer measurement devices and the possible environmental impact of the tracer. Common tracers used: chemical (NaCl, NaI, NH4Cl) and fluorescent (fluorescein and Rhodamine WT).

It is important to verify some conditions: the tracer cannot be absorbed in the medium and the solution must be well mixed. Emphasizing the last one, it is necessary to assure the good mixing length, which is the distance between the injection and measure sections ensuring a stable concentration of the diluted tracer.

Application

This method has been used for ITAGRA-GEA to measure discharge into the fishways (Bravo-Córdoba y Sanz-Ronda, 2011; Fuentes-Pérez et al., 2016 and 2017; Sanz-Ronda et al., 2016; Bravo-Córdoba et al., 2018). One of the main aims was to improve the accuracy of the discharge coefficients related to technical fishways into the field. It was done through the continuous method, using Rodamine WT as a tracer and a portable fluorometer to measure the fluorescence of the samples (Figure 1).

Other information

The total costs for the geophone and accelerometer sensors amount to approx. 885-1'330 €. The costs for the field computer, the analog-digital-converter, and the 3G modem are approx. 5'300-6'200 €. Additional costs for the installation, data transmission, and the calibration depending on the site conditions and set-up.

Relevant literature

• Albayrak, I., Müller-Hagmann, M., Boes, R.M. (2017). Calibration of Swiss Plate Geophone System for bedload monitoring in a sediment bypass tunnel. In Proc. 2nd Intl. Workshop on Sediment Bypass Tunnels (Sumi, T., ed.), paper FP16, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

• Gray, J.R., Laronne, J.B., Marr, J.D.G. (2010). Bedload-surrogate Monitoring Technologies, US Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5091. US Geological Survey: Reston VA.

• Rickenmann, D., Turowski, J.M., Fritschi, B., Klaiber, A., Ludwig, A. (2012). Bedload transport measurements at the Erlenbach stream with geophones and automated basket samplers. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 37, 1000-1011.

• Rickenmann, D., Turowski, J.M., Fritschi, B., Wyss, C., Laronne, J., Barzilai, R., Reid, I., Kreisler, A., Aigner, J., Seitz, H., Habersack, H. (2014). Bedload transport measurements with impact plate geophones: comparison of sensor calibration in different gravel-bed streams. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 39, 928-942.

• Wyss, C.R., Rickenmann, D., Fritschi, B., Turowski, J.M, Weitbrecht, V., Boes, R.M. (2016a). Laboratory flume experiments with the Swiss plate geophone bed load monitoring system: 1. Impulse counts and particle size identification. Water Resources Research, 52, 7744-7759.

• Wyss, C.R., Rickenmann, D., Fritschi, B., Turowski, J.M, Weitbrecht, V., Boes, R.M. (2016b). Laboratory flume experiments with the Swiss plate geophone bed load monitoring system: 2. Application to field sites with direct bed load samples. Water Resources Research, 52, 7760-7778.