Barotrauma detection system

Quick summary

Figure 1: (a) Geophone and accelerometer installed in a watertight housing mounted on an impact plate and exemplary (b) geophone and (c) accelerometer signal of the identical single grain impact. SumIMP denotes the total number of peaks above the threshold amplitude Amin for the event shown. Amaxmax is the maximum amplitude registered during this event. Only positive amplitude values are considered.

Figure 2: (a) Conceptual sketch of the vortex tube functionality and (b) vortex tube outlet at HPP Schiffmühle (source: VAW).

Figure 3: (a) Vortex tube outlet with mounted sensors and (b) vortex tube running during the field calibration (source: VAW).

Developed by: Centre for Biorobotics, Tallinn University of Technology

Date: 2019

Type: Device

Suitable for the following [[::Category:Measures|measures]]:

Introduction

The BDS sensor housing consists of two POM plastic end caps and a 4 cm outer diameter polycarbonate plastic tube, with a total length of 14 cm, and mass of 150 g (Figure 1). Neutral buoyancy of the BDS is achieved by estimating the water temperature during deployment (±5 °C) and manually adjusting the length of the sensor by screwing the flat end cap inwards or outwards to modify the total sensor volume. Each hemispherical end cap contains three digital total pressure transducers (MS5837-2BA, TE Connectivity, Switzerland) have a sensitivity of 0.0021 kPa (0.21 mm water column) and are linearly rated for 25 m of water depth, and can be used up to 45 m of water depth using a non-linear correction based on laboratory calibration. Each pressure transducer is equipped with its own on-chip temperature sensor, allowing for all pressure readings to include real-time temperature correction using a 2nd order algorithm. All sensors were tested against a HOBO reference pressure sensor under static and dynamic conditions in a laboratory barochamber. The BDS employs a high-speed digital sampling architecture with a 400 kHz clock rate.

All BDS units are equipped with an atmospheric auto-calibration algorithm. All three transducers are set to a default value of 100 kPa (1000 mbar) at local atmosphere. All sensors are therefore auto-calibrated to local changes in atmospheric pressure which occur during the day, directly before each field deployment. This feature removes the necessity of manually correcting pressure sensor readings.

The BDS units use three pressure sensors for two reasons. The first is to ensure repeatable field measurements with increased fault tolerance. The BDS uses Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) by including a pressure sensor array in lieu of a single pressure sensor, whose error and failure cannot be controlled during deployment [1]. The second is that multiple sensors allow for the detection of pressure gradients during passage, which may correspond to regions of high shear.

In addition to the three pressure transducers, the BDS sensor also contains a digital 9 degree of freedom inertial measurement unit (IMU) model BNO055 (Bosch Sensortec, Germany) integrating linear accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer sensors. In contrast to existing barotrauma sensors, which require extensive post-processing to providing real-time absolute orientation at 100 Hz. The device uses proprietary (Bosch Sensortec, Germany) sensor fusion algorithms to combine the linear accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer readings into the body-oriented Euler angles.

Application

The sensors are turned on by activating the magnetic switch. Afterwards, they are deployed into the water where they travel through the hydropower plant (Figure 2). Balloon tags inflate, bringing the sensors to the surface, where they are recovered by boat. The data are saved as text files and can be imported into Excel, R, MATLAB and other commonly used software for processing and visualization.

Other information

The cost of each sensor is 500 EUR. Tests at 5 case study sites have shown that an average of 120 data sets per day can be recovered for each hydropower plant operational scenario (e.g. full load, ½ load).

Table 1: Technical specifications of the commercial ATS Sensor Fish Model ARC800 and the BDS developed in the FITHydro project.

Physical and sensor specifications	ATS Sensor Fish Model ARC800	FITHydro Barotrauma Detection System
Physical dimensions	89.9 x 24.5 mm (fixed)	143 + 1.25 x 40 mm (adjustable)
Density	1 mg / mm³ (fixed)	1.0 mg / mm³ (adjustable)
Excess mass (wet weight)	0.5 g	+/- 1.15 g
Sensor sampling rate	2048 Hz (analog)	400 kHz (digital), saved at 100 or 250 Hz
Maximum sampling time	4 min	240 min
3D acceleration	0 – 200 g	+/- 16 g
3D rotational velocity	0 – 2000 °/s	+/- 2067 °/s
Pressure	0 - 1399.64 kPa (1 sensor) accuracy: +/- 1.4 kPa	0 - 2941 kPa (3 sensors) accuracy: 0.1 kPa
Temperature sensor	-40 - 125 °C (separate sensor for temperature correction)	-20 - 85 °C (temperature correction on each pressure sensor)

Relevant literature

• Albayrak, I., Müller-Hagmann, M., Boes, R.M. (2017). Calibration of Swiss Plate Geophone System for bedload monitoring in a sediment bypass tunnel. In Proc. 2nd Intl. Workshop on Sediment Bypass Tunnels (Sumi, T., ed.), paper FP16, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

• Gray, J.R., Laronne, J.B., Marr, J.D.G. (2010). Bedload-surrogate Monitoring Technologies, US Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5091. US Geological Survey: Reston VA.

• Rickenmann, D., Turowski, J.M., Fritschi, B., Klaiber, A., Ludwig, A. (2012). Bedload transport measurements at the Erlenbach stream with geophones and automated basket samplers. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 37, 1000-1011.

• Rickenmann, D., Turowski, J.M., Fritschi, B., Wyss, C., Laronne, J., Barzilai, R., Reid, I., Kreisler, A., Aigner, J., Seitz, H., Habersack, H. (2014). Bedload transport measurements with impact plate geophones: comparison of sensor calibration in different gravel-bed streams. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 39, 928-942.

• Wyss, C.R., Rickenmann, D., Fritschi, B., Turowski, J.M, Weitbrecht, V., Boes, R.M. (2016a). Laboratory flume experiments with the Swiss plate geophone bed load monitoring system: 1. Impulse counts and particle size identification. Water Resources Research, 52, 7744-7759.

• Wyss, C.R., Rickenmann, D., Fritschi, B., Turowski, J.M, Weitbrecht, V., Boes, R.M. (2016b). Laboratory flume experiments with the Swiss plate geophone bed load monitoring system: 2. Application to field sites with direct bed load samples. Water Resources Research, 52, 7760-7778.