Operational measures (turbine operations, spillway passage)

Introduction

Water being released over the Foster Dam fish spillway. Note the fish ladder for upstream migration on the right-hand side of the picture.

Turbine operations

Without modification of the water intake, the shutdown of conventional turbines is the only solution to avoid turbine passage and the corresponding fish mortality rates. This solution can in principle be effective, but can become very costly for the hydroelectric operator if the shutdowns are not targeted. The challenge is not only to target, but also to anticipate the events of downstream migration.

Water spill

Water spill over dams and gates, partly combined with periodic stop of power plants, have been used to bring down migratory fish past power stations. The method is suitable for periodic fish migrations, such as salmon smolt during spring floods and for eels during autumn and winter floods. These migrations often coincide with flooding where the water flow exceeds the power plant capacity. At run-of-river power plants in North America, this method is frequently used to pass salmon smolts, both for Atlantic salmon and species of Pacific salmon. In Germany it has been used to pass eels (Adam 2000, Egg, etc. 2017). Water spill past turbine intake is considered a safer alternative to turbine passage, but also the use of spill water fish injuries can occur. The loss is still low (2% after Coutant and Whitney 2000). It should be noted that the relationship between water spill and fish migration is not linear, i.e. that increased spill does not necessarily mean a proportional increase in migration past the dam. More important for its efficiency is the placement of the dam relative to main stream and power intake (Coutant and Whitney 2000, Fjeldstad et al. 2011).

Methods, tools, and devices

During planning

Planning of any downstream fish migration systems require a comprehensive study on fish behaviour to assess when and where fish move on their downstream migration. This can be conducted by telemetry experiments or visual observations with video or sonar technology. River hydraulics at the intake must be modelled by 2D or 3D CFD software if needed. The most difficult is to identify the targeted species and their migration period to correctly target the period to stop de turbines.

During implementation

Targeted shut down of turbines need the implementation of devices allowing passage of water by another way than the turbines like gates, valves, etc.

During operation

The device (gate, valve, etc.) needs maintenance.

Relevant MTDs and test cases

Relevant MTDs
3D fish tracking system
3D sensorless, ultrasound fish tracking
Acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP)
Acoustic Doppler velocimetry (ADV)
Acoustic telemetry
Barotrauma detection system
BASEMENT
Current meter
Dilution gauging
Guidelines for fishpasses numerical modelling
Particle image velocimetry (PIV)
Radio frequency identification with passive integrated transponder (PIT tagging)
Radio telemetry
Visible implant elastomer
Relevant test cases	Applied in test case?
Anundsjö test case	Yes
Bannwil test case	-
Bragado test case	-
Gotein test case	-
Guma and Vadocondes test cases	Yes
Ham test case	Yes
Las Rives test case	-
Trois Villes test case	-

Classification table

Classification	Selection
Fish species for the measure	All
Does the measure require loss of power production	Operational (requires flow release outside turbine)
	-
	-
Recurrence of maintenance	Irregular at events
Which life-stage of fish is measure aimed at	-
	-
	-
	Movements of migration of fish
Which physical parameter is addressed	N/A
	-
	-
	-
	-
	-
	-
	-
Hydropower type the measure is suitable for	Plant in dam
	Plant with bypass section
Dam height (m) the measure is suitable for	All
Section in the regulated system measure is designed for	In dam/power plant
	-
	Bypass section
	Downstream outlet
River type implemented	Steep gradient (up to 0.4 %)
	Fairly steep with rocks, boulders (from 0.4 to 0.05 %)
	Slow flowing, lowland, sandy (less than 0.05 %)
Level of certainty in effect	Moderately certain
Technology readiness level	TRL 9: actual system proven in operational environment
Cost of solution	See cost table

Relevant literature

• Fjeldstad, H. P., Uglem, I., Diserud, O. H., Fiske, P., Forseth, T., Kvingedal, E., Hvidsten, N. A., Økland, F. and Järnegren, J. A. 2011. A concept for improving smolt migration past hydropower intakes. Journal of Fish Biology 81:642–663.
• Egg, L., Mueller, M., Pander, J., Knott, J. and Geist, J. 2017. Improving European Silver Eel (Anguilla anguilla) downstream migration by undershot sluice gate management at a small-scale hydropower plant, In Ecological Engineering 106, Part A:349-357
• Adam, B. 2000. MIGROMAT: Ein Frühwarnsystem zur Erkennung der Aalabwanderung. [MIGROMAT®: An early warning system to detect eel migration]. Wasser und Boden, 52 (4):16-19.
• Coutant C. C. and Whitney R. R. 2000. Fish behavior in relation to passage through hydropower turbines: a review. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 129: 351–380