Sediment sluicing

Introduction

Figure 1: Principles of sediment sluicing. During normal hydropower operations, the gates are closed, and water flows though turbines. Prior to sluicing, the reservoir is drawn down, and gates are open. High sediment-laden waters flow through the gates.

Figure 2: Seasonal operation of Three Georges reservoir for sluicing.

Reservoir sluicing aims at passing sediment through the dam without allowing deposition. In contrast to flushing which aim to remove deposited sediments, reservoir sluicing focuses on in-coming sediments that are not deposited in the reservoir. Sluicing is performed at periods of high flows, when there is high concentration of sediments in the water, while flushing is executed outside flood and high-flow periods. Reservoir sluicing is not a measure designed for ecosystems living in regulated rivers. However, the supply of sediments induced by sluicing can help to re-balance the deficit in the downstream river if the timing of the operation and the amount of sediments flushed match the transport capacity of the river (Morris et al. 1998, Tigrek et al. 2011, Kondolf et al. 2014). The advantage of this measure is that large amount of sediments is transported during high flows, matching with the transport capacity of the river at this period.

The objective of sediment sluicing is to maintain the sediments in suspension when they enter the reservoir and convey them out via sluicing gates. Reservoir sluicing necessities a partial emptying of the reservoir prior to flood periods and the incoming of sediment-laden flows. Outlets (sluicing gates) located at low level of the dam are opened allowing passing sediments. Outlets need to have a large flow capacity in order to ensure that high-flows and flood water passing.

Methods, tools, and devices

During planning

Future needs for sluicing operations should be anticipated already in the planning phase of dam and reservoir construction. Appropriate location and level of gate will depend on the characteristics of the dam and should be incorporated in the design of the dam. In best cases, low-level gates can still be implemented after the construction of the dam, but the cost of implementation will be higher.

Time-series of hydrologic and sediment data are necessary to design the dam and anticipate sluicing operations.

Hydraulic and sediment transport models can be used to estimate yield of sediments to the reservoir, projections of future sedimentation load, sediment trapping rate in the reservoir and sediment transport capacity of the river. Sluicing operations can be simulated with numerical models such as FLUVIAL-12.

Sluicing can be implemented in all reservoirs, but the duration of the operation varies from some hours to several months according to hydrological catchment size, reservoir storage capacity and characteristics of the flood period.

Sluicing operations can be simulated using numerical models to estimate the timing and the duration of the drawdown period, as well as the drawdown level and the velocity required to transport all sediments downstream the dam.

During implementation

During sluicing, the reservoir is drawn down at low level. Gates are opened to let high sediment-laden water flow through the reservoir. The success criteria for flushing are:

1. low reservoir water level conjointly with high discharge
2. low-level gates located close to the bottom of the dam
3. steep river bed and straight reservoir bottom slope
4. sediments consist of fine material recently deposited.

Concentration of suspended sediments and turbidity levels in the river must be monitored during sluicing operations to ensure that their value remain under ecosystems thresholds and that the operation does not have significant impacts on the physical and chemical environment.

During operation

Concentration of suspended sediments and turbidity levels in the river must be monitored also after sluicing operations to ensure that their value remain under ecosystems thresholds and that the operation does not have significant impacts on the physical and chemical environment. Additionally, monitoring of sediment deposition downstream the dam, including clogging of sediments and the potential impacts on fish shelter and spawning areas needs to be carried out. Such monitoring can help to implement more sustainable sluicing operations.

Relevant MTDs and test cases

Relevant MTDs
BASEMENT
Bedload monitoring system
HEC-RAS
Shaft hydropower plant
Relevant test cases	Applied in test case?
N/A	-

Classification Table

Classification	Selection
Fish species for the measure	All
Does the measure require loss of power production	Operational (requires flow release outside turbine)
	-
	-
Recurrence of maintenance	Irregular at events
Which life-stage of fish is measure aimed at	Spawning / Recruitment
	Juveniles
	Adult fish
	Movements of migration of fish
Which physical parameter is addressed	-
	-
	-
	Substrate and hyporheic zone
	-
	-
	-
	-
Hydropower type the measure is suitable for	Plant in dam
	Plant with bypass section
Dam height (m) the measure is suitable for	Higher than 10
Section in the regulated system measure is designed for	-
	-
	Bypass section
	Downstream outlet
River type implemented	Steep gradient (up to 0.4 %)
	-
	-
Level of certainty in effect	Moderately certain
Technology readiness level	TRL 9: actual system proven in operational environment
Cost of solution	See cost table

Relevant literature

• Kondolf G.M., Gao Y., Annandale G.W., Morris G.L., Jiang E., Zhang J., Cao Y., Carling U.P., Fu K., Guo Q., Hotchkiss R., Peteuil C. , Sumi T., Wang H.‐W., Wang Z., Wei Z., Wu B., Wu C. and Yang C. T. 2014. Sustainable sediment management in reservoirs and regulated rivers: experiences from five continents. Earth's Future, 2 (2014), pp. 256-280
• Morris, G. L., and Fan, J. 1998. Reservoir Sedimentation Handbook: Design and Management of Dams, Reservoirs and Watersheds for Sustainable Use, McGraw‐Hill Book Co., New York