Difference between revisions of "Environmental flow"

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=Introduction=
 
=Introduction=
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[[File:e-flow.png|right|400px|Environmental flow release in Mandal River, Norway (Photo: Atle Harby)]]
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[[File:e-flow.png|thumb|500px|Figure 1: Environmental flow release in Mandal River, Norway]]
  
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The habitat is the natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism. In rivers, the physical habitat is shaped by the [http://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php/Hydromorphology morphology] of the river, the flow and flow-related components, and physio-chemical properties of the water. Figure 3.1 indicates central physical factors affecting the physical habitat of fish in running waters. The understanding of processes affecting these factors is central in understanding how hydropower operations impact rivers, and also in designing efficient mitigating measures.  
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Hydropower projects will in most cases change the flow pattern of the affected rivers. The changes in flow are very site-specific and dependent on how the actual project is designed. A hydropower project with a large reservoir for storage of water (‘reservoir-based hydropower’) generally allows much larger changes in flow than a run-of-the river plant. Reservoir-based hydropower can store water from the wet to the dry season and can hence introduce large changes in the periodicity of the flow. Reservoir-based hydropower can also store all or parts of floods, and will typically reduce both the magnitude, peaks and frequency of floods. Run-of-the river plants have limited storage capabilities and will not introduce any changes in the periodicity of the water flow radically, only in hours or a few days’ time horizon. Both storage and run-of-the river plants can, however, short-cut river stretches (‘bypass sections), which will experience dramatically reduced flow in most of the year.  
  
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Flow is the single-most important determinant of the physical habitat in rivers, and several of the properties are directly affected by changes in flow, such as water velocities and water level. The rate of heating, cooling and freezing of the water is dependent on the flow in the river, along with a set of other factors, and the water chemistry is to a degree determined by the volumes of water, e.g. by diluting pollutants. The flow in the river also affects the direction and rate of exchange of water between the rivers and the sub-surface, i.e. the hyporheic zone. While most of the described factors change more or less instantly as the volume of flow is changed, the composition of sediments and substrate qualities as habitat will change far slower. These factors are also determined by changes in transport of sediments from upstream areas (sediment connectivity) and the changes in habitat qualities related to substrate must be considered long-term changes due to regulation, the hydropower plant and associated infrastructure.  
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The habitat conditions are directly affected by the flow and related hydraulic variables such as water depth, water velocity and water-covered areas, and new management practises aim at keeping or restoring natural flow regimes (Poff et al., 2017). Water temperatures are key factors in the development and growth of salmonids (Jonsson and Jonsson, 2011) and are also to a large extent determined by the volumes of water available. The development of the substrate will in longer time horizon be directly affected by the changes in the water flow regime. The functioning of measures presented in this report are also directly dependent on the availability of water and can rarely be implemented without also considering the water flow regime.
  
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The impacts of the regulated rivers system will vary very much across the regulated system, and the mitigating measures that must be put in place will depend on how the hydrology of the rivers stretches under consideration are affected. As such, a clear understanding of which parts of the system that get dramatically reduced flows (bypass sections), which parts that experience a change in seasonality of the flow, and which parts that possibly experience higher flows (in the case of water transfer), and variants of these, must be thoroughly assessed. Some areas downstream the outlet of a power plants might be exposed to rapid and frequent changes in flow due to hydro-peaking operations, which call for another set of mitigating measures. In a process of finding the best single or combination of measures, an understand of the changes in flow introduced by the hydropower regulation is hence prerequisite.
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=Environmental flow measures=
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The various measures to mitigate issues concerning environmental flow are listed below.
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In the following, a set of traditional, new and innovative measures to improve the habitat and flow conditions in rivers affected by hydropower regulations are described. In the last part of each section, examples of successful implementation of measures are presented. It should be underlined that habitat and flow are not independent of each other, as for instance measures aimed at improving the flow conditions also affect the habitat (e.g. water depth and velocities), and also migration and possibly sediment connectivity (described in Section XX). As such, one measure can directly, or indirectly, improve the status of one or more of the defined problem types.
 
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The measures in the following sub-sections are presented separately. In a real situation, a combination of measures would be most cost-efficient. Sometimes one specific measure would have only a limited effect unless another measure is put in place at the same time, i.e. a set of measures being dependent on each other.
 
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=Habitat measures=
 
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The various measures to mitigate issues concerning habitat are listed below.
 
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<font size=3 line-height=10><gallery widths=200px heights=200px>
 
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gravel_square.png|link=[[Placement of spawning gravel in the river]]|[[Placement of spawning gravel in the river]]
 
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rocks_square.png|link=[[Placement of stones in the river]]|[[Placement of stones in the river]]
 
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deadwood_square.png|link=[[Placement of wood/debris in the river]]|[[Placement of wood/debris in the river]]
 
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weir_removal.jpg|link=[[Removal of weirs]]|[[Removal of weirs]]
 
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ripper_square.jpg|link=[[Cleaning of substrate – ripping, ploughing and flushing]]|[[Cleaning of substrate – ripping, ploughing and flushing]]
 
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</gallery></font>
 
  
 
<font size=3 line-height=10><gallery widths=200px heights=200px>
 
<font size=3 line-height=10><gallery widths=200px heights=200px>
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off-channel_square.png|link=[[Construction of off-channel habitats]]|[[Construction of off-channel habitats]]
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GLOMMA_BYPASS_SQUARE.png|[[Mitigating reduced annual flow and low flow measures]]
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erosion_square.jpg|link=[[Environmental design of embankments and erosion protection]]|[[Environmental design of embankments and erosion protection]]
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stranding_ex_square.png|[[Mitigating rapid, short-term variations in flow (hydro-peaking operations)]]
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riparan_square.png|link=[[Restoration of the riparian zone vegetation]]|[[Restoration of the riparian zone vegetation]]
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bjorset_regulated_square.png|[[Mitigating reduced flood peaks, magnitudes, and frequency]]
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Rinver_in_river_square.png|link=[[Construction of a 'river-in-the-river']]|[[Construction of a "river-in-the-river"]]
 
 
</gallery></font>
 
</gallery></font>
  
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==Environmental flow in bypass section==
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=Relevant literature=
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*[[Mitigating reductions in total annual flow]]
 
  
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*[[Mitigating reduced flood peaks, magnitudes, and frequency]]
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Jonsson, B. and Jonsson, N. 2011. Ecology of Atlantic Salmon and Brown Trout - Habitat as template for life histories. Springer publishing.
  
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*[[Mitigating rapid, short-term variations in flow (hydro-peaking operations)]]
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Poff, N.L., Allan, J.D., Bain, M.B., Karr, J.R., Prestegaard, K.L., Richter, B.D., Sparks, R.E. and stromberg, J.C. 1997. The Natural Flow Regime: A paradign fo river conservation and restoration. BioScience 47, 769-784.
  
 
[[Category: Types of problems]]
 
[[Category: Types of problems]]

Latest revision as of 20:07, 5 May 2020

Introduction

Figure 1: Environmental flow release in Mandal River, Norway

Hydropower projects will in most cases change the flow pattern of the affected rivers. The changes in flow are very site-specific and dependent on how the actual project is designed. A hydropower project with a large reservoir for storage of water (‘reservoir-based hydropower’) generally allows much larger changes in flow than a run-of-the river plant. Reservoir-based hydropower can store water from the wet to the dry season and can hence introduce large changes in the periodicity of the flow. Reservoir-based hydropower can also store all or parts of floods, and will typically reduce both the magnitude, peaks and frequency of floods. Run-of-the river plants have limited storage capabilities and will not introduce any changes in the periodicity of the water flow radically, only in hours or a few days’ time horizon. Both storage and run-of-the river plants can, however, short-cut river stretches (‘bypass sections), which will experience dramatically reduced flow in most of the year.

The habitat conditions are directly affected by the flow and related hydraulic variables such as water depth, water velocity and water-covered areas, and new management practises aim at keeping or restoring natural flow regimes (Poff et al., 2017). Water temperatures are key factors in the development and growth of salmonids (Jonsson and Jonsson, 2011) and are also to a large extent determined by the volumes of water available. The development of the substrate will in longer time horizon be directly affected by the changes in the water flow regime. The functioning of measures presented in this report are also directly dependent on the availability of water and can rarely be implemented without also considering the water flow regime.

Environmental flow measures

The various measures to mitigate issues concerning environmental flow are listed below.

Relevant literature

Jonsson, B. and Jonsson, N. 2011. Ecology of Atlantic Salmon and Brown Trout - Habitat as template for life histories. Springer publishing.

Poff, N.L., Allan, J.D., Bain, M.B., Karr, J.R., Prestegaard, K.L., Richter, B.D., Sparks, R.E. and stromberg, J.C. 1997. The Natural Flow Regime: A paradign fo river conservation and restoration. BioScience 47, 769-784.

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